Kodi Pakachitsulo Carbide Amakulitsa Bwanji Ma Castings?

1.Kuthandizira

Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosungunuka ndizofanana, ndipo njira zosungunulira ndizosiyana, ndipo zimatha kupangidwa ndi chitsulo chosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana. The foundry utenga njira monga osungunula chitsulo kutenthedwa, inoculation mankhwala, kusintha mlandu chiŵerengero, kuwonjezera kufufuza kapena zinthu alloying, etc., kusintha khalidwe zachitsulo ndi kuponyera ntchito ya chitsulo pulasitala, ndipo nthawi yomweyo kwambiri kusintha makina makina ndi ntchito processing. Kutentha kwa ng'anjo yamagetsi yachitsulo chosungunuka kumatha kuyendetsa bwino kutentha kwa chitsulo chosungunuka, kusinthiratu kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala, kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu, komanso kukhala ndi sulufule wotsika komanso phosphorous. Ndizopindulitsa kwambiri pakupanga chitsulo cha ductile, chitsulo chosungunuka cha graphite komanso chitsulo champhamvu kwambiri. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa chitsulo chosungunuka chomwe chimasungunuka m'ng'anjo yamagetsi kumachepetsedwa, ndipo pakamwa loyera kumakhala kokulirapo, ndipo ndikosavuta kupanga graphite yayikulu kwambiri. Ngakhale mphamvu ndi kuuma zawonjezeka, mtundu wazitsulo wazitsulo suli wokwera.

M'zaka za m'ma 1980, akatswiri aku China omwe adapita kudziko lina kukaphunzira ndi kuphunzira adaona kuti zinthu zakuda ngati magalasi zidawonjezeredwa pamoto wamagetsi wazipangizo zakunja pomwe zidasungunuka. Atafunsidwa, adazindikira kuti inali silicon carbide. Makampani oyambitsa ndalama ochokera kumayiko aku Japan agwiritsanso ntchito silicon carbide ngati chowonjezera chochuluka kwanthawi yayitali. Mu cupola kapena ng'anjo yamagetsi yosungunulira chitsulo chosungunuka, maubwino owonjezerapo chithandizo cha pretreatment SiC ndi ambiri. Pakachitsulo carbide yagawidwa kalasi ya abrasive ndi metallurgical. Zoyambayo ndizoyera kwambiri komanso zimakhala zodula, pomwe zotsalazo ndizotsika mtengo.

Silicon carbide yowonjezeredwa m'ng'anjo imasandulika kaboni ndi silicon wachitsulo chosungunuka. Imodzi ndikuwonjezera ofanana ndi kaboni; china ndikulimbikitsa kuchepetsedwa kwa chitsulo chosungunuka ndikuchepetsa kwambiri zovuta zoyipa dzimbiri. Kuphatikizika kwa silicon carbide kumatha kuteteza mpweya wama carbides, kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa ferrite, kupangitsa chitsulo kukhala cholimba, kusintha kwambiri magwiridwe antchito ndikupanga malo osalala bwino. Lonjezerani kuchuluka kwa mipira ya graphite pagawo lililonse lazitsulo zoponyera nodular ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa spheroidization. Zimathandizanso pakuchepetsa ma non-metallic inclusions ndi slag, kuchotsa shrinkage porosity, komanso kuchotsa ma subcutaneous pores.

2. Udindo Wachitetezo Chakale

2.1 Mfundo ya nucleation Mu Fe-C eutectic system, imvi yachitsulo ndiye gawo lotsogola la eutectic chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwakukulu kwa graphite panthawi yolimba eutectic, ndipo austenite imayambitsidwa ndi graphite. Magawo awiri a graphite + austenite omwe amakula bwino komanso omwe amakula bwino omwe amapangidwa ndi gawo lililonse la graphite pomwe malowa amatchedwa masango a eutectic. Magalasi a graphiccopic, osasungunuka a graphite, ena osungunuka kwambiri a sulfide, oxides, carbides, nitride particles, etc. Palibe kusiyana kofunikira pakati pa ma nucleation a nodular cast iron ndi nucleation ya imvi chitsulo, kupatula kuti ma magnesium oxides ndi sulfide amawonjezeredwa pachimake.
       
Mpweya wa graphite mu chitsulo chosungunuka uyenera kukhala ndi njira ziwiri: nucleation ndi kukula. Pali njira ziwiri za graphite nucleation: homogeneous nucleation ndi heterogeneous nucleation. Nucleation yofanana imatchedwanso nucleation yokhazikika. Pali kuchuluka kwa ma atomu a kaboni omwe amachotsa chitsulo chosungunuka chomwe chimapitilira kukula kwakumaso kwa kristalo, ndipo magulu atomu a kaboni omwe amakonzedwa mwadongosolo munthawi yochepa amatha kukhala ofanana mofanana. Zofufuza zikuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa supercooling of homogeneous crystal nuclei ndikokulirapo, ndipo gawo lalikulu la kristalo liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati chothandizira cha graphite chitsulo chosungunuka. Pali mitundu yambiri yazinthu zakunja pazitsulo zopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosungunuka, ndipo pali zinthu zokwana 5 miliyoni mu 1cm3 yachitsulo chilichonse chosungunuka. Ndi ma particles okhawo omwe ali ndi ubale wina ndi magawo a latisi ndi magawo a graphite omwe amatha kukhala magawo a graphite nucleation. Chikhalidwe cha ubale wolumikizana ndi ma latulo chimatchedwa digiri yolakwika ya ndege. Zachidziwikire, pokhapokha ngati kusayenda bwino kwa ma lattice kuli kocheperako pomwe maatomu a kaboni angafanane ndi phata la graphite. Ngati ma nucleation ndi maatomu a kaboni, ndiye kuti madigiri awo osagwirizana ndi zero, ndipo ma nucleation otere ndiabwino kwambiri.

Mphamvu yamkati ya silicon carbide yowonongeka kukhala kaboni ndi silicon yachitsulo chosungunuka ndi yayikulu kuposa kaboni ndi silicon yomwe ili ndi chitsulo chosungunuka. Si yomwe ili ndi chitsulo chosungunuka yokha imasungunuka mu austenite, ndipo kaboni wachitsulo chosungunuka chachitsulo chosungunuka ndichitsulo. Magawo a graphite amapangidwa m'madzi, ena mwa iwo sanadutsidwepo mu austenite. Chifukwa chake, kuwonjezera kwa silicon carbide kumakhala ndi vuto la deoxidation.

• Si + O2 → SiO2
• (1) MgO + SiO2 → MgO ∙ SiO2
• (2) 2MgO +2SiO2→ 2MgO∙2SiO2
• (3) Enstatite kapangidwe MgO, SiO2 ndi forsterite kapangidwe 2MgO, 2SiO2 ali ndi kufanana kwakukulu ndi graphite (001), yomwe ndi yovuta kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maziko a graphite nucleation. Pambuyo pochiritsidwa ndi chitsulo chosungunuka chomwe chili ndi Ca, Ba, Sr, Al ndi ferrosilicon, MgO, SiO2 + X → XO ∙ SiO2 + Mg
• (4) (2MgO, 2SiO2) + 3X + 6Al → 3 (XO, Al2O3, 2SiO2) + 8Mg
• (5) Kumene X —— Ca, Ba, Sr.

Zomwe zimachitika XO, SiO2 ndi XO, Al2O3, SiO zimatha kupanga makhiristo okhala ndi magawo a MgO, SiO2 ndi 2MgO, 2SiO2. Chifukwa chosagwirizana pakati pa graphite ndi XO, SiO2 ndi XO, Al2O3, SiO2, ndibwino kuti mukhale ndi graphite nucleation. Kujambula bwino. Ikhoza kusintha magwiridwe antchito ndikusintha mawonekedwe amakina.

2.2 Pre-inoculation ya non-equilibrium graphite:

Nthawi zambiri, kukula kwa maumboni osakanikirana kumawonjezeredwa kudzera mu inoculation, komanso gawo la heterogeneous nucleation mu chitsulo chosungunuka:

• RomLimbikitsani mpweya wambiri wa C pagawo lolimba la eutectic ndikupanga graphite yolimbikitsa graphitization;
• Edu Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa chitsulo chosungunula chitsulo ndikuchepetsa chizolowezi choyera;
• Chulukitsani kuchuluka kwa masango eutectic mu imvi chitsulo kapena kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mipira ya graphite mu chitsulo cha ductile.

SiC imawonjezeredwa panthawi yakusungunula ndalamazo. Silicon carbide imakhala ndi malo osungunuka a 2700 ° C ndipo siyimasungunuka ndi chitsulo chosungunuka. Imangosungunuka chitsulo chosungunuka molingana ndi njira zotsatirazi.
SiC + Fe → FeSi + C (non-equilibrium graphite)

(6) Munjira, Si mu SiC imaphatikizidwa ndi Fe, ndipo yotsala C ndi graphite yosagwirizana, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa graphite. Non-equilibrium graphite imapanga C mu chitsulo chosungunuka mosagawika mosagawanika, ndipo gawo lanyumba ya C ndilokwera kwambiri, ndipo "nsonga za kaboni" zidzawonekera m'malo ang'onoang'ono. Graphite yatsopanoyi imagwira ntchito kwambiri, ndipo kusagwirizana kwake ndi kaboni ndi zero, kotero ndikosavuta kuyamwa kaboni mu chitsulo chosungunuka, ndipo mphamvu ya inoculation ndiyabwino kwambiri. Titha kuwona kuti silicon carbide ndi silicon-based nucleating agent.

Pakachitsulo carbide imawonjezedwa panthawi yachitsulo chosungunuka. Pazitsulo zachitsulo, pre-incubation ya non-equilibrium graphite imatulutsa masango ochulukirapo ambiri ndikuwonjezera kutentha (kuchepetsa kuperewera pang'ono), komwe kumathandiza pakupanga mtundu wa graphite; kuchuluka kwa khungu la kristalo kumawonjezeka, ndikupangitsa kuti ma graphite azikhala bwino, zomwe zimawonjezera kuchuluka kwa graphitization ndikuchepetsa chizolowezi choyera pakamwa, potero zimathandizira kukonza makina. Kwa spheroidal graphite cast iron, kuwonjezeka kwa makina amtundu wa crystalline kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa magawo a graphite ndipo kuchuluka kwa spheroidization kumatha kukonzedwa.

2.3 Kuthetsa E-mtundu graphite hypereutectic imvi kuponya chitsulo. C-mtundu ndi F-mtundu woyamba wa graphite amapangidwa mgulu lamadzi. Chifukwa kukula sikusokonezedwa ndi austenite, munthawi zonse, ndikosavuta kukula kukhala ma flakes akulu ndi C-mtundu wa graphite wocheperako: Pamene kuponyera kwamiyala yaying'ono kutakhazikika mwachangu, graphite imakula ndikukula kukhala nyenyezi- graphite woboola pakati wa F.
Flake graphite yomwe imakula mu eutectic solidification siteji imapanga A, B, E, D ma graphite amitundu yosiyana ndi magawidwe osiyanasiyana pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamankhwala komanso zovuta zosiyanasiyana.

Type A graphite imapangidwa mgulu la eutectic lokhala ndi madzi ochepa osapumira komanso mphamvu yolimba ya nucleation, ndipo imagawidwa chimodzimodzi mu chitsulo. Pakati pa miyala yamtengo wapatali ya pearlite, yocheperako kutalika kwa graphite, imakulitsa mphamvu yolimba, yomwe ili yoyenera zida zamakina ndi ma castings osiyanasiyana.

Mtundu D graphite ndi point ndi sheet-ngati interdendritic graphite osagawanika mbali. D-mtundu wa graphite cast iron imakhala ndi ferrite yambiri ndipo mawonekedwe ake amakhudzidwa. Komabe, D-mtundu wa graphite cast iron ili ndi ma austenite dendrites ambiri, graphite ndi yayifupi komanso yopindika, ndipo gulu la eutectic lili ngati ma pellets. Chifukwa chake, poyerekeza ndi matrix omwewo A-mtundu wa graphite cast iron, imakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri.

Type E graphite ndi mtundu wa flake graphite womwe ndi wamfupi kuposa mtundu wa graphite. Monga D-mtundu graphite, ili pakati pa dendrites ndipo onse amatchedwa dendritic graphite. Inki ya E ndiyosavuta kupangidwa ndi chitsulo chosungunuka chokhala ndi mpweya wochepa wofanana (kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa hypoeutectic) ndi ma dendrite olemera austenite. Pakadali pano, masango a eutectic ndi ma dendrites amakula pang'onopang'ono. Chifukwa kuchuluka kwa ma interdendritic eutectic iron madzi ndikochepa, mpweya wa eutectic graphite umangogawira motsogozedwa ndi ma dendrites, omwe ali ndi malangizo owonekera. Mlingo wotsitsa pansi wopanga E-mtundu graphite ndi wamkulu kuposa wa A-mtundu graphite ndi wocheperako uja wa D-mtundu graphite, ndipo makulidwe ake ndi kutalika kwake kuli pakati pa A ndi D-mtundu graphite. Mtundu wa graphite wa E suli wa graphite wapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri umatsagana ndi mtundu wa D graphite. Kugawidwa kwa mbali ya E-mtundu wa graphite pakati pa ma dendrites kumapangitsa kuti chitsulo chosavuta chikhale chophwanyaphwanya ndikuphwanya gulu limodzi panjira yolinganizidwa ndi graphite motsogozedwa ndi gulu laling'ono lakunja. Chifukwa chake, mtundu wa E-graphite umawonekera, ndipo ngodya zazing'ono zingathe kusweka ndi dzanja, ndipo mphamvu ya castings imachepa kwambiri. Pamene mpweya umakulirakulira, kuzirala kofunikira kuti apange graphite yolumikizana bwino kumawonjezeka, komanso kuthekera kopanga ma interdendritic graphite kumachepa. Kutentha kwakukulu kwa kusungunuka kwa kutentha kwanthawi yayitali kumakulitsa kuchuluka kwa kuziziritsa, potero kumakulitsa kukula kwa dendrites, ndikupangitsa kuti ma dendrites akhale otalikirapo komanso kuwunikira kowonekera. SiC ikagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungunula chitsulo chosungunuka, kuponderezedwa kwa austenite koyambirira kumachepetsedwa nthawi yomweyo, ndipo ma dendrites achidule amawoneka panthawiyi. Imathetsa maziko a mtundu wa E-graphite.

2.4 Sinthani Khalidwe la Iron Iron

Kwa spheroidal graphite cast iron, pankhani yofanana ya spheroidizing agent, pretreatment ndi silicon carbide, zokolola zomaliza za magnesium ndizokwera. Pazitsulo zopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosungunuka chomwe chimapangidwa ndi silicon carbide, ngati kuchuluka kwa magnesium yotsalira kuponyako kumasungidwa chimodzimodzi, kuchuluka kwa spheroidizing wothandizirako kumawonjezera kumatha kuchepetsedwa ndi 10%, ndipo chizolowezi chamkamwa choyera cha nodular chitsulo chimachepetsedwa.

Silicon carbide mu ng'anjo ya smelting, kuphatikiza pa kaboni ndi silicon mu chitsulo chosungunuka chomwe chikuwonetsedwa mu chilinganizo (1), kuchitapo kanthu kwa deoxidation kwamachitidwe (2) ndi (3) kumachitidwanso. Ngati SiC yowonjezeredwa ili pafupi ndi khoma lamoto, SiO2 yomwe idapangidwa imayika pamakoma amoto ndikuwonjezera makulidwe a khoma lamoto. Pansi pa kutentha kwambiri kwa smelting, SiO2 ipanga decarburization reaction ya chilinganizo (4) ndikuwombera kwamachitidwe (5) ndi (6).

• (7) 3SiC + 2Fe2O3 = 3SiO2 + 4Fe + 3C
• (8) C + FeO → Fe + CO ↑
• (9) (SiO2) + 2C = [Si] + 2CO (gawo la mpweya)
• (10) SiO2 + FeO → FeO · SiO2 (slag)
• (11) Al2O3 + SiO2 → Al2O3 · SiO2 (slag)

Mphamvu ya deoxidizing ya silicon carbide imapangitsa kuti mankhwala opangidwa ndi deoxidizedwa azikhala ndizitsulo zazitsulo zingapo zachitsulo chosungunuka, kuchepetsa zovuta zoyipa za oxides pamtengo wonyansa, ndikuyeretsanso chitsulo chosungunuka.

2.5 Momwe Mungagwiritsire Ntchito Silicon Carbide

Chiyero cha metallurgical grade silicon carbide chili pakati pa 88% ndi 90%, ndipo zosafunika ziyenera kuchotsedwa kaye powerengera kuchuluka kwa kaboni ndi silicon. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa ma silicon carbide, ndikosavuta kupeza: Kuwonjezeka kwa kaboni: C = C / (C + Si) = 12 / (12 + 28) = 30% (12) Kuwonjezeka kwa silicon: Si = Si / (C + Si) = 28 / (12 + 28) = 70% (13) Kuchuluka kwa silicon carbide yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala 0.8% -1.0% ya kuchuluka kwa chitsulo chosungunuka. Njira yowonjezera silicon carbide ndi: kusungunula chitsulo chosungunuka m'ng'anjo yamagetsi. Mbiya ikasungunuka 1/3 yamalipiro, onjezerani pakati pa mbiya, yesetsani kuti musakhudze khoma lamoto, kenako pitilizani kuwonjezera kulipiritsa kwa smelting. Mu chitsulo chosungunuka chachitsulo, carbide wa silicon wokhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta 1-5mm amatha kusakanizidwa ndi simenti yoyenera kapena zomata zina, ndipo madzi amawonjezeredwa kuti apange misa. Pambuyo pouma padzuwa lotentha, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'ng'anjo molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa batch.

3. Kumaliza Mawu

M'zaka 20 zapitazi, kaya ndi galimoto, bizinesi kapena galimoto yabanja, kuchepetsa kulemera kwa galimotoyo zakhala zikuchitika pakukula kwa kafukufuku wamagalimoto. Pakuchepa kwamsika kwamavuto azachuma, China Northern Corporation idakwanitsa izi ndikusinthitsa magalimoto othamangitsa ku North America, makamaka potengera kulemera kwa magalimoto akulemera. Kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chopyapyala, chitsulo cha ductile ndi chitsulo chosanja cha graphite, chitsulo cholimba cha ductile ndi chitsulo cha Aubrey ductile, chimapereka zofunikira kwambiri pamtundu wazitsulo zazitsulo.

Kutulutsa kwa silicon carbide wa inoculation kumathandizira pakukonzanso mtundu wazitsulo zazitsulo. Li Chuanshi, yemwe ndi katswiri wa zomangamanga analemba kuti pambuyo poti mankhwalawa athandizidwa ndi chitsulo chosungunuka, zotsatira zake zitha kuwonedwa: imodzi ndikuwonjezera mpweya wofanana; china ndikusintha zinthu zachitsulo chosungunuka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuchepetsako kukhale kosavuta.

Mu 1978, BC Godsell waku United Kingdom adafalitsa zotsatira zake pakufunsira kwa chitsulo cha ductile. Kuyambira pamenepo, kafukufuku woyeserera momwe adakonzedweratu sanasokonezedwe, ndipo njirayi tsopano yakula. Pazitsulo zachitsulo zotsekemera, silicon carbide inoculation pretreatment ingachepetse kuchuluka kwa kupopera ndi kuchepetsa chizoloŵezi cha pakamwa loyera; wonjezerani maziko a graphite, kulimbikitsa mapangidwe a A-mtundu wa graphite, kuchepetsa kapena kuletsa kupanga mtundu wa B, E-mtundu ndi D-mtundu wa graphite, ndikuwonjezera masango a eutectic. Mafuta a graphite abwino; chifukwa spheroidal graphite kuponyera chitsulo, ndi pretreatment wa pakachitsulo carbide inoculation amalimbikitsa kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha mipira graphite mu chitsulo pulasitala, mlingo spheroidization, ndi roundness wa mipira graphite.

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa silicon carbide kumatha kulimbitsa kuchepa kwa deoxidation ndi kuchepa kwa okusayidi wachitsulo, kupangitsa chitsulo chosanjikiza kukhala chophatikizika ndikuwonjezera kusalala kwa malo odulira. Kugwiritsa ntchito silicon carbide kumatha kukulitsa moyo wa khoma lamoto popanda kuwonjezera zotayidwa ndi sulfure zazitsulo zosungunuka.

Chonde sungani komwe adachokera ndi adilesi iyi kuti musindikizenso:Kodi Pakachitsulo Carbide Amakulitsa Bwanji Ma Castings?

Minghe Kampani Yoponyera ali odzipereka kupanga ndi kupereka zabwino ndi magwiridwe antchito a Kutayira Mbali (zitsulo zoponyera magawo osiyanasiyana zimaphatikizapo Woonda-Wall Die kuponyera,Kutentha Kwambiri Kuponyera,Cold Chamber Die Casting), Round Service (Ntchito Yoponyera Akafa,Cnc Machining,Kupanga Zinthu, Pamwamba pa Chithandizo) .Mtundu uliwonse wa Aluminium die kuponyera, magnesium kapena Zamak / zinc kufa kuponyera ndi zofunikira zina ndizolandilidwa kuti mutilankhule.

Motsogozedwa ndi ISO9001 ndi TS 16949, Njira zonse zimachitika kudzera pamakina opanga makina otsogola, makina a 5-axis, ndi malo ena, kuyambira ma blasters mpaka makina ochapira a Son Son.Minghe alibe zida zapamwamba komanso ali ndi akatswiri gulu la akatswiri odziwa ntchito ndi oyang'anira kuti mapangidwe kasitomala akwaniritsidwe.

Wopanga mgwirizano wopanga kufa. Mphamvu zimaphatikizapo magawo ozizira a aluminium die akuponya kuchokera ku 0.15 lbs. mpaka 6 lbs., kusintha mwachangu kukhazikitsidwa, ndi makina. Ntchito zowonjezera zimaphatikizapo kupukuta, kunjenjemera, kudodometsa, kuwombera mfuti, kupenta, zokutira, zokutira, msonkhano, ndi zida. Zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndizophatikiza ma alloys monga 360, 380, 383, ndi 413.

Zinc kufa kuponyera kapangidwe ka ntchito / ntchito zofananira zamakono. Makonda opanga mwatsatanetsatane wa zinc kufa. Kuponyera kwakung'ono, kuponyedwa mwamphamvu, kuponyedwa kosiyanasiyana, zopangidwa ndi nkhungu, mayendedwe amtundu ndi odziyimira payokha komanso zotsekera zotsekedwa zimatha kupangidwa. Zokongoletsa zimatha kupangidwa kutalika ndi mulifupi mpaka 24 mkati. Mu +/- 0.0005 in. Kulolerana.  

ISO 9001: 2015 wopanga wa magnesium wamtundu wakufa, Mphamvu zake zimaphatikizapo kuponyera kwa magnesium kufa mpaka 200 ton chipinda chotentha & 3000 chipinda chozizira, kupanga zida, kupukuta, kuumba, kusinthanitsa, ufa & kupaka kwamadzi, QA yathunthu ndi kuthekera kwa CMM , msonkhano, kulongedza & kutumiza.

ITAF16949 yotsimikizika. Ntchito Yowonjezera Yowonjezera Phatikizani kuponyedwa kwa ndalama,kuponya mchenga,Kukongoletsa, Anataya zathovu kuponyera,Kuponyera kwamakedzana,Kuponyera Kutulutsa,Permanent Mold KuponyeraZolimba zimaphatikizaponso EDI, thandizo la uinjiniya, kutengera kolimba komanso kukonza kwina.

Akuponya Makampani Zolemba Pazigawo za: Magalimoto, Mabasiketi, Ndege, Zida zoyimbira, Watercraft, Zipangizo zamagetsi, Sensor, Models, Zipangizo zamagetsi, Zitseko, Mawotchi, Makina, Ma Injini, Mipando, Zodzikongoletsera, Ma Jigs, Telecom, Kuunikira, Zipangizo Zachipatala, Zithunzi za zithunzi, Ma Robot, Ziboliboli, Zomvera, Zida Zamasewera, Zida, Zoseweretsa ndi zina zambiri. 

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By Wopanga Minghe Die Casting | Magulu: Nkhani Zothandiza |Zofunika Tags: Zotayidwa kuponyera, Kutaya Zinc, Kuponyera Magnesium, Kutumiza Titanium, Kuponya Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, Kutayira Mkuwa,Kuponyera Mkuwa,Akuponya Video,Mbiri ya Kampani,Zotayidwa Die kuponyera | Ndemanga Off